What is Artificial Intelligence Exactly?
you are watching ColdFusion TV
hi welcome to another ColdFusion video
there's a lot of buzz around artificial
intelligence at the moment and the term
AI seems to be thrown around a lot but
what is it exactly to clear things up I
just want to do a quick video around
this topic first of all let's look at
the definition to avoid confusion we
have to go back to the earliest and
hence purest definition of AI from the
time when it was first coined the
official idea and definition of AI was
first coined by Jay McCartney in 1955 at
the Dartmouth conference of course those
plenty of research work done on AI by
others such as Alan Turing before this
but what they were working on was an
undefined field before 1955 okay so
here's what McCarthy proposed quote
every aspect of learning or any other
feature of intelligence can in principle
be so precisely described that a machine
can be made to simulate it an attempt
will be made to find out how to make
machines use language form abstractions
and concepts solve kinds of problems now
reserved for humans and improve
themselves translation in essence AI is
a machine with the ability to solve
problems that are usually done by us
humans with our natural intelligence a
computer would demonstrate a form of
intelligence when it learns how to
improve itself at solving these problems
to elaborate further the 1955 proposal
defines seven areas of AI today they're
surely more but here are the original
seven one simulating higher functions of
the human brain to programming a
computer to use general language 3
arranging hypothetical neurons in a
manner enabling them to form concepts
for a way to determine and measure
problem complexity 5 self-improvement 6
abstraction defined as the quality of
dealing with ideas rather than events 7
randomness and creativity
after 60 years I think realistically
we've completed the language measure
problem complexity and self-improvement
to at least some degree however
randomness and creativity is just
starting to be explored this year we've
seen a couple of web episode scripts
short films and even a feature-length
film co-written or completely written by
AI that don't really make sense but
here's a few snippets for your
entertainment anyway I need to leave and
I'm not free of the world yes perhaps I
should take it from here I'm not gonna
do something it's not a dream but I've
got a time to stay there well I still
think you could be back on the table
it's a damn thing scared to say nothing
it's going to be a thing from that make
is so longer of the face in the
comprised and a person is what the world
on the country of have the construction
of the mic could to person in front are
and how they deal to part of them okay
so in the definition you heard the word
intelligence what is the intelligence
well according to Jack Copeland who has
written several books on AI some of the
most important factors of intelligence
are generalization learning that is
learning that enables the learner to be
able to perform better in situations not
previously encountered reasoning to
reason is to draw conclusions
appropriate to the situation in hand
problem solving given such and such data
find X perception analyzing ask and
environment and analyzing features and
relationships between objects
self-driving cars are an example
language understanding understanding
language by following syntax and other
rules similar to a human okay so now we
have an understanding of AI and
intelligence to bring it together a bit
and solidify the concept in your mind of
what AI is here's a few examples of AI
machine learning computer vision natural
language processing robotics pattern
recognition and knowledge management
there are also different types of
artificial intelligence in terms of
approach for example the strong AI and
weak AI strong AI is simulating the
human brain by building systems that
think and in the process
give us an insight into how the brain
works we're nowhere near the stage yet
weak AI is a system that behaves like a
human but doesn't give us an insight
into how the brain works
IBM's deep blue a chess-playing AI was
an example it processed millions of
moves before it made any actual moves on
the chessboard
it doesn't stop there though there's
actually a new kind of middle ground
between strong and weak AI this is where
a system is inspired by human reasoning
but doesn't have to stick to it
IBM's Watson there's an exam
like humans it reads a lot of
information recognizes patterns and
builds up evidence to say hey I'm X
percent confident that this is the right
solution to the question that you have
asked me from the information that I've
read if you want to know more in IBM
Watson you can click on the annotation
now or the link in the description below
Google's deep learning is similar as it
mimics the structure of the human brain
by using neural networks but doesn't
follow its function exactly the system
uses nodes that act as artificial
neurons connecting information going a
little bit deeper neural networks are
actually a subset of machine learning
so what's machine learning them machine
learning refers to algorithms that
enable software to improve its
performance over time as it obtains more
data this is programming by input-output
examples rather than just coding so that
this makes more sense let's use an
example a programmer would have no idea
how to program a computer to recognize a
dog but he can create a program with a
form of intelligence that can learn to
do so if he gives the program enough
image data in the form of dogs and let
it process and learn when you give the
program an image of a new dog that it's
never seen before it would be able to
tell that it's a dog with relative ease
okay so before we finish just one last
concept most artificial intelligence
algorithms are expert systems so what's
an expert system the often cited
definition of an expert system is as
follows an expert system is a system
that employs human knowledge in a
computer to solve problems that
ordinarily inquire human expertise
basically it's the practical application
of a knowledge database we've arguably
only just got the first proven non
expert system this year deepmind's
alphago alphago is not an expert system
meaning that its algorithms could be
used and applied to other things demis
hassabis he was the co-creator of D mind
highlighted this in a Google Blog quote
we are thrilled to have mastered go and
thus achieved one of the grand
challenges of AI
however the most significant aspect of
all of this for us is that alphago isn't
just an expert system built on
handcrafted rules instead it uses
general machine learning techniques to
figure out for itself how to win go he
goes on quote because the methods we've
used a general-purpose our hope is that
one day they could be extended to help
us address some of society's toughest
and most pressing problems from climate
modeling to complex disease analysis and
quote in other words the algorithms they
alphago used to win go could serve as a
basis to be applied to very complex
problems if you ought to know more about
alphago hit the annotation now or you
can follow the link in the description
all right so to bring this all together
and summarize all that we've learnt
let's recap so what is AI commonly AI or
artificial intelligence is a machine or
a computer program that learns how to do
tasks that require forms of intelligence
and are usually done by humans and the
other thing to take away intelligence
comes in many forms and has many
different aspects at this time we just
have many different types of AIS that
are good a particular subsets of
intelligence so anyway I hope that
clears things up as a lot of people were
confused about what AI actually is so
anyway thanks for watching give this
video a thumbs up if you liked it and
subscribe if you're new to the channel
cheers guys this has been - go go you've
been watching cold fusion and I'll catch
you again soon for the next video have a
good one cold fusion
it's me thinking
you